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Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey
The Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey, is characterized by a complex interplay of tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary processes that have shaped the region over millions of years.
The area falls within the London Basin, a large, shallow sedimentary basin that covers parts of southern England. The basin was formed during the Paleogene period (around 25-10 million years ago) as a result of tectonic subsidence caused by the collapse of the British Isles’ crust.
NCTF 135 HA lies near the village of Thursley, which is situated in the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Guildford and 45 kilometers south-southeast of London.
The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA can be divided into several key phases:
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Ordovician Volcanic Field (around 450-440 million years ago): The area was affected by volcanic activity during the Ordovician period, resulting in the formation of a series of volcanic cones and maars. These volcanoes were composed primarily of basalt and andesite rocks.
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Permo-Triassic Rift System (around 280-250 million years ago): During this phase, the area was part of a larger rift system that stretched from Wales to Yorkshire. The rift resulted in extensive faulting and volcanic activity, leading to the formation of sedimentary basins and the deposition of coal seams.
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Cretaceous Chalk Formation (around 145-100 million years ago): In the Cretaceous period, the area was underlain by chalk deposits, which were formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate. The chalk formations are prominent in this region and have played a significant role in shaping the local geology.
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Pleistocene Glacial Deposits (around 110,000-10,000 years ago): During the last ice age, large parts of southern England were covered by a thick sheet of ice. The ice scoured and eroded the underlying geology, resulting in the deposition of glacial till and other sediments.
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The site is situated near the boundary between the Chert Ridge and the Thames Valley, two prominent geological features that have played a significant role in shaping the local geology. The Chert Ridge, which lies to the north of Thursley, consists of a series of hills composed primarily of Upper Cretaceous chert rocks.
The Thames Valley, which lies to the south of Thursley, is a major geological feature that has been shaped by fluvial erosion over millions of years. The valley floor consists of sediments deposited by the River Thames, including alluvium and lacustrine deposits.
NCTF 135 HA is located within a geologically complex area, with multiple fault lines and fractures that have played a significant role in shaping the local geology. The site lies near several notable geological features, including:
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The Chert Ridge
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The Thames Valley
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The Surrey Hills
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The London Basin
In summary, the Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey, is characterized by a complex interplay of tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary processes that have shaped the region over millions of years. The site lies within a geologically complex area, with multiple fault lines and fractures that have played a significant role in shaping the local geology.
The Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near _Thursley_, Surrey, provides a unique insight into the region’s geological history and evolution.
_Thursley_ is situated in the **Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)**, approximately 40 km northwest of _London_. This region has been shaped by a combination of tectonic activity, glacial erosion, and sedimentation over millions of years.
The underlying geology of the area is composed primarily of **Cretaceous** sandstones and chalks, which are exposed in outcrops throughout the Chiltern Hills. These rocks date back to the Late Cretaceous period, around 65-72 million years ago, and were formed from the accumulation of sediments in a shallow sea that covered much of southern England.
During the Paleogene period, _London_ was a major river system, with the **Thames River** flowing through the area. The surrounding hills were shaped by tectonic activity, including faulting and folding, which resulted in the formation of the **Chiltern Orogen**, a series of hills that stretches from _London_ to _Bath_.
Glacial erosion played a significant role in shaping the landscape of the Chiltern Hills during the Pleistocene epoch. The last ice age, which ended around 11,700 years ago, saw massive glaciers cover much of England. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind a trail of scratches and grooves in the underlying rocks, providing valuable information about the movement and behavior of the ice.
The area’s geology is also influenced by the presence of **flint**, a hard, sedimentary rock that is common in the Chiltern Hills. Flint nodules are scattered throughout the area, particularly in the sandstones and chalks, and were likely formed through the accumulation of calcium carbonate-rich sediments.
The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near _Thursley_ provides a unique window into the region’s geological history and evolution. The combination of Cretaceous rocks, glacial erosion, and sedimentation has shaped the landscape over millions of years, resulting in a diverse range of geological features and landforms.
Understanding the geological setting of this area is crucial for managing the natural resources, including groundwater, which is an important consideration for future development and conservation efforts.
The Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey is a complex and fascinating topic that provides valuable insights into the region’s geological history.
The site lies within a prominent geological formation known as the Surrey Centre Chert, which is characterized by its distinctive yellow-brown chert and ferruginous sandstones. This formation is a result of the complex interplay between tectonic forces, sedimentation, and diagenesis that occurred during the Jurassic period.
The Surrey Centre Chert is a key component of the North Downs Fault Zone (NDFZ), a major fault system that stretches across southern England from the coast to the Kentish Downs. The NDFZ played a significant role in shaping the regional geology, particularly during the Middle to Late Jurassic period.
During this time, the area was subjected to a series of tectonic events, including rifting, extensional faulting, and volcanic activity. These processes led to the formation of numerous faults, dikes, and sills that cut across the existing sedimentary basins.
The Surrey Centre Chert itself is thought to have been deposited in a shallow marine environment, possibly as part of a coastal plain or a shelfal setting. The chert units are characterized by their distinctive yellow-brown coloration, which is due to the high concentration of iron oxide and other minerals.
Ferruginous sandstones, which are common in this formation, provide important evidence for the depositional environment. These sandstones often exhibit a range of textures, including cross-bedding, rip-up clasts, and traction bedding, indicating that they were deposited from sandy waters with moderate to high energy levels.
The Surrey Centre Chert also contains several intercalary units, including limestones, marlstones, and shales. These units provide valuable information about the regional paleoenvironment and may have been deposited in a more continental or deltaic setting.
Throughout its geological history, the NCTF 135 HA site has been shaped by multiple phases of uplift, erosion, and deposition. The site’s elevation, which is approximately 220 meters above sea level, suggests that it was once part of a higher relief landscape that was subjected to extensive glaciation during the Pleistocene period.
The presence of glacial erratics, such as granite boulders and flints, at the NCTF 135 HA site provides further evidence for its complex geological history. These rocks were carried from their original locations by glaciers and deposited in a range of environments, including lake margins, rivers, and wetlands.
In terms of its geomorphological setting, the NCTF 135 HA site lies at the headwaters of the River Wey, which flows through a landscape dominated by flinty bedrock and chalk hills. The site’s proximity to this prominent geological feature highlights the region’s unique geology and provides an interesting case study for geomorphologists and geologists alike.
Overall, the Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey is a rich and complex topic that offers insights into the region’s geological history and the processes that shaped this area over millions of years.
Soil Composition and Profile of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey
The soil composition and profile of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey, is a complex and dynamic system influenced by various geological and environmental factors.
NCTF 135 HA is classified as a clay-loam soil with a relatively high content of fines, which affects its physical properties such as water-holding capacity and drainage.
The soil profile consists of three distinct horizons: the A, B, and C horizons.
The A horizon, typically 30-50 cm thick, is a layer of well-structured topsoil with high organic matter content and a mix of clay, silt, and sand.
The B horizon, usually 20-40 cm thick, is a subsoil composed primarily of clay minerals, which restricts root growth and limits nutrient availability.
The C horizon, often 80-120 cm deep, is a layer of weathered bedrock consisting mainly of granite or sandstone fragments.
The soil’s pH is slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 6.0 to 7.5, with the A and B horizons exhibiting greater pH variability due to their higher organic matter content.
The soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) is relatively high, indicating its ability to retain and exchange positively charged ions such as calcium and magnesium.
Soil nutrient levels in NCTF 135 HA are generally low due to the clay-loam texture and the leaching of nutrients during rainfall events.
The soil structure is characterized by a high proportion of aggregate stability, which affects its ability to support plant root growth and aeration.
In terms of compaction, the topsoil (A horizon) tends to be less prone to compaction than the subsoil (B horizon), mainly due to its higher organic matter content and water-holding capacity.
The soil’s hydrological properties are influenced by the presence of a moderate amount of sand (< 10%) and the relatively high water-holding capacity of the clay minerals in the B and C horizons.
The infiltration rate is generally slow due to the high proportion of fines, leading to increased runoff risk during heavy rainfall events.
Soil erosion susceptibility is moderate to high due to the lack of vegetation cover on much of the site, combined with the presence of a sloping terrain and water flow across the surface.
The soil’s biotic characteristics are influenced by the presence of native wildflowers and grassland species, which contribute to its overall biodiversity and ecosystem function.
Soil fertility and nutrient cycling processes in NCTF 135 HA are shaped by the interactions between microorganisms, plants, and chemical elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
The site-specific soil characteristics of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey, have implications for agricultural practices, land management strategies, and environmental conservation efforts aimed at maintaining its ecological integrity and long-term sustainability.
The soil composition and profile of the NCTF 135 HA site near Thursley, Surrey, are characterized by a complex mixture of clay loam and sandyloam deposits.
This complexity results from the combination of glacial and fluvial influences during the last ice age, which led to the formation of a varied and heterogeneous soil profile.
The site’s soil profile can be broadly divided into three main layers: the topsoil, the subsoil, and the underlying clay and sand deposits.
The topsoil layer is typically 10-20 cm thick and consists of a mixture of organic matter and clay, with a particle size distribution that is dominated by fine to medium sands (sandyloam). This layer provides good water infiltration and drainage, making it suitable for crop growth.
The subsoil layer, also known as the b horizon, is typically 30-50 cm thick and consists of a mixture of clay and sand, with a particle size distribution that is dominated by coarser sands (sandyloam). This layer may exhibit signs of nutrient deficiency due to slow nitrification rates.
The underlying clay deposits form the c horizon, which can be up to 1.5 meters thick in some areas and consist of a mixture of fine clay minerals (kaolinite, illite). This layer provides good water retention properties but may be prone to erosion due to its low slope angle.
The d horizon, also known as the b horizon, is typically 0.5-1 meter thick and consists of a mixture of coarser sands (sandyloam) and clay. This layer may exhibit signs of soil degradation due to increased erosion rates.
The underlying a horizon, also known as the b horizon, is typically 1.5-2.5 meters thick and consists of a mixture of fine sands (sand) and clay. This layer provides good water infiltration properties but may be prone to drought due to its high aridity index.
It’s worth noting that the soil profile at NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey, has been influenced by human activities such as intensive agriculture, forestry, and wastewater application, which may have altered its original natural characteristics.
The soil’s pH levels are generally between 6.5-7.5, with a slight trend towards sweetening due to the presence of soluble calcium carbonate.
The soil’s nutrient availability is influenced by factors such as organic matter content, nitrogen, and p levels, which can be affected by changes in management practices.
The soil composition and profile of NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey, is a complex topic that requires a thorough understanding of its physical, chemical, and biological properties.
NCTF 135 HA is a type of soils classified as a clay-loam, which means it contains a high proportion of clay particles, but also has some silt and sand present. This classification is based on the soil’s textural analysis, which indicates that it has a mix of fine, medium, and coarse particles.
In terms of its physical properties, NCTF 135 HA soils are typically dense and compact, with a high water-holding capacity due to their clay content. This means that they can retain significant amounts of moisture, even after rainfall or irrigation has stopped. However, this also makes them prone to waterlogging and erosion if not managed properly.
The chemical composition of NCTF 135 HA soils is characterized by varying levels of nutrient availability, which can be influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and precipitation patterns. Soils with a mean pH of around 6.5 are considered slightly acidic to neutral, which falls within the range suitable for many crops.
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In terms of nutrient availability, NCTF 135 HA soils tend to have relatively high levels of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). However, these levels can vary depending on factors such as soil depth, texture, and organic matter content. For example, soils with higher clay contents tend to retain more nutrients, but may also be less permeable.
The profile of a NCTF 135 HA soil is typically complex, consisting of multiple horizons or layers that can influence its fertility and water-holding capacity. The most common horizon in these soils is the A horizon, which is the topmost layer that contains most of the soil’s organic matter and nutrients.
The B horizon, located below the A horizon, is typically less fertile but still contains significant amounts of nutrients. It may also contain clay minerals and other inorganic compounds that can affect the soil’s physical properties.
Below the B horizon lies the C horizon, which consists primarily of parent material or undifferentiated sediment. This layer tends to be relatively nutrient-poor and may be more prone to erosion due to its coarser texture.
The R horizon, if present, is typically located at great depths and contains limited amounts of nutrients or other soil properties of interest.
Understanding the composition and profile of NCTF 135 HA soils near Thursley, Surrey, can have important implications for agricultural practices, such as crop selection, fertilizer application, and irrigation management. For example, knowing that these soils tend to retain more nutrients in their top layers may inform decisions around fertilizer application or crop rotation.
Additionally, understanding the physical properties of these soils, such as their water-holding capacity and permeability, can help farmers manage soil erosion, improve drainage, and optimize irrigation systems.
In summary, the composition and profile of NCTF 135 HA soils near Thursley, Surrey, are characterized by a mix of clay, silt, and sand particles, with varying levels of nutrient availability and physical properties. This complex combination of factors has important implications for agricultural practices and highlights the need for careful management to optimize crop productivity and reduce soil degradation.
Environmental Factors Influencing the NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey
The National *Conservation** _Area_ **(NCA)** _site_ near Thursley, Surrey, is a *habitat*_area_ designated for the protection and conservation of certain species of plants and animals. This *habitat*_area_ falls within the broader geographical region of the North Downs, an area known for its diverse and varied landscape, shaped by millions of years of geological history.
The North Downs are underlain by a complex sequence of Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Neogene sediments, which have been shaped by tectonic activity, glaciation, and river erosion. The area’s *climate*_is influenced by its proximity to the English Channel and the prevailing westerly winds that bring moisture from the Atlantic Ocean.
The *hydrological* regime of the North Downs is characterized by a mix of _rainfall_ , _groundwater_ , and surface water flow. The region is drained by several rivers, including the _River_ *Arrow_, which flows through the Thursley area and is a significant *waterbody* for the local ecosystem.
The climate in the Thursley area is classified as Oceanic Temperate, with mild winters and cool summers. This type of *_climate*_ supports a wide range of plant species, including deciduous trees such as _Oak_, _Ash_, and _Hazel_. The region’s vegetation is also influenced by its proximity to the chalk _upland_ , which provides a unique *habitat* for plants such as _Bellflower_ and _Gorse_.
The Thursley area falls within the North Downs _Transitional*_ zone, an area where the chalk _downs_* meet the Weald _downs_* . This transitional zone is characterized by a mix of acidic and alkaline soils, which support a diverse range of plant species.
The NCTF 135 HA near Thursley is influenced by the local *hydrological*_ regime, which includes _stream_ and _river_ flows. The area’s groundwater levels are also an important factor in shaping its ecosystems, with many of the local plant species adapted to conditions of varying groundwater availability.
The region’s *_biodiversity_* is further enhanced by its location within the Surrey _Downs_ Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), a protected area that spans much of northwestern Surrey. This AONB provides a range of habitats, including chalk downs, valleys, and woodlands, which support a wide range of plant and animal species.
The NCTF 135 HA near Thursley is an important *habitat* for many species of plants and animals, including the *Natterjack *_toad_*, _Adder_, and the Grey **Pigeon**. The area’s unique combination of *climate*_ , *hydrology* , and geology makes it an important site for conservation efforts in this region.
The NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey is a sensitive and ecologically valuable area that is influenced by a variety of environmental factors.
One of the most significant factors influencing this area is its proximity to the M25 motorway, a major highway that encircles London. The presence of this large road network contributes to increased levels of noise pollution, air pollution, and habitat disruption.
The surrounding urban areas also have an impact on the environment in this region. The expansion of urban development has led to an increase in impervious surfaces such as buildings, roads, and parking lots. These impervious surfaces contribute to surface runoff, which can lead to erosion, sedimentation, and pollution of nearby waterways.
Surface runoff is a major concern in areas like the NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey. When it rains, large amounts of rainwater flow over these impervious surfaces and quickly drain into the surrounding soil, carrying pollutants such as oil, grease, and sediment with it. This can lead to increased nutrient levels in local waterways, harming aquatic life and affecting water quality.
The proximity to the M25 motorway also means that this area is exposed to high levels of air pollution. Vehicles passing through the highway emit significant amounts of NOx, particulate matter, and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to poor air quality and negatively impacting local wildlife.
Noise pollution from traffic is another factor that affects the NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey. The constant hum of traffic can disrupt the natural habitats of local species, causing stress and altering behavior patterns.
The soil conditions in this area are also influenced by its proximity to the M25 motorway. The heavy footfall from traffic and the resulting compaction of the soil can lead to reduced fertility and increased erosion.
Climate change is also affecting the NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns are altering the distribution and abundance of local plant and animal species, making it challenging for conservation efforts to adapt and respond.
The surrounding urban areas have a significant impact on water cycles in this region as well. The high levels of impervious surfaces and buildings increase the amount of stormwater that flows into nearby waterways without being absorbed or filtered, leading to increased runoff and erosion.
Furthermore, human activities such as agriculture, construction, and waste disposal are also affecting the NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey. These activities can lead to habitat destruction, soil pollution, and increased levels of greenhouse gases, exacerbating climate change and further threatening local ecosystems.
The combination of these environmental factors highlights the importance of conservation efforts in this region. Protecting and restoring habitats, reducing pollution, and mitigating the impacts of human activities on sensitive ecosystems are critical for maintaining biodiversity and promoting ecological health.
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that involves government agencies, local communities, and conservation organizations working together to develop effective strategies for protecting and preserving this valuable environment. By taking a proactive and collaborative approach, it may be possible to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on the NCTF 135 HA near Thursley, Surrey and promote long-term ecological sustainability.
The NCTF 135 HA site near Thursley, Surrey, presents a unique environment that can be influenced by various environmental factors. The topography of the land, which varies greatly in this area, plays a crucial role in shaping the microclimates present within the site.
Influenced by the varied topography, microclimates exist at different elevations and positions, which can significantly affect the soil moisture availability and microbial activity. These microclimates are formed due to differences in temperature, humidity, and wind patterns that result from the varying landforms and vegetation cover.
The impact of microclimates on soil moisture is particularly significant near Thursley, Surrey, where the climate is characterized by moderate temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. However, the varied topography can lead to areas with increased water retention capacity due to their location in valleys or other low-lying areas.
Conversely, areas at higher elevations may experience reduced soil moisture levels due to increased evaporation rates. This disparity in soil moisture availability affects microbial activity, as different microclimates support the growth of various microorganisms that thrive in specific conditions.
The impact of vegetation cover on the site’s environmental factors is another crucial aspect to consider. Different plant species have varying degrees of drought tolerance and shade provision, which can influence soil moisture levels and microbial activity in adjacent areas.
For instance, shrubs and trees, such as those found in woodlands, tend to create more closed environments with reduced sunlight penetration, leading to increased soil moisture retention. This can have a positive impact on microbial communities that thrive in shaded conditions.
On the other hand, grassy areas with low vegetation cover may experience more pronounced fluctuations in soil moisture due to increased evaporation rates and greater sensitivity to rainfall events.
The interaction between topography, vegetation cover, and environmental factors on microbial activity creates a complex landscape that is highly influenced by local conditions. Understanding these relationships can provide valuable insights into the ecosystem processes that occur near Thursley, Surrey, and inform conservation efforts aimed at preserving this unique environment.
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